Energy density refers to the amount of energy stored in a certain unit of space or mass of matter. The energy density of a battery is the electrical energy released by the average unit volume or mass of the battery. The energy density of a battery is generally divided into two dimensions: gravimetric energy density and volumetric energy density. What is energy density? Energy density refers to the...
The upper limit of the charging voltage of a single lithium iron phosphate battery is 3.65V. Generally, the upper limit voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery charging is 3.7~4V, and the lower limit voltage of discharging is 2~2.5V. The voltage of lithium battery is one of the important indicators to measure the discharge performance of lithium battery. The unit is volts. LiFePO4 battery voltag...
1.3 Separation, Recovery and Utilization of Valuable Metals The recovery and utilization of valuable metals in waste lithium-ion batteries is mainly the recovery of positive active materials. Cathode recycling and processing methods mainly include biological method, high temperature combustion method, acid dissolution method and electrochemical dissolution method. 1.3.1 Biological Law The biologic...
The high-efficiency recovery technology of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries has become a research hotspot at home and abroad. Aiming at the current status of the recovery technology of valuable metals in waste lithium-ion batteries, this paper introduces the research methods of pretreatment and cathode material treatment in the recovery process of valuable metals, and briefly evalu...
2.1 Abuse testing The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and the Japan Battery Association (JSBA) initially defined the abuse test for consumer electronics cells, simulating the extreme conditions that cells may encounter when working, usually divided into thermal abuse, Electrical and mechanical abuse. The common thermal abuse is the hot box test, the ...
The research on lithium-ion batteries began with the rocking-chair battery concept proposed by Armand et al. in 1972. The commercialization began with the lithium cobalt oxide battery launched by SONY in 1991. After more than 30 years of iterative upgrades, it has been maturely applied to consumer electronic products, Power tools and other small-capacity battery markets have shown great applicatio...
What is pre-lithiation? For a full battery, the SEI film formed at the negative electrode interface will consume the lithium ions deintercalated from the positive electrode and reduce the capacity of the battery. If we can find another lithium source outside the positive electrode material, so that the formation of the SEI film consumes the lithium ions of the external lithium source, so that the ...
In the above half-cell article, the reasons for the first efficiency of the positive and negative electrode material half-cells were introduced. In fact, in the final analysis, the first efficiency is a type of capacity loss. When the positive and negative materials with the first efficiency at the same time form a full battery, what will the first efficiency look like? What is the impact of the f...
Regardless of whether a full cell or a half cell, the performance of the first charge and discharge will be significantly different from the subsequent cycles. The description parameter for this characteristic is the first efficiency. The discussion of the first efficiency should be divided into half cells and full cells; and a major improvement scheme for the first efficiency: pre-lithiation. Aft...
The depth of discharge of lithium-ion batteries, the factors that limit the depth of discharge of lithium-ion batteries. Since the lithium-ion battery is charged, there must be discharge. In theory, the discharge process of the lithium-ion battery is balanced. When discharging, pay attention to the discharge rate and the depth of discharge. The depth of discharge is the ratio of the discharge amou...